8/12/2023 0 Comments Solid state physics science![]() A full energy band means that the electrons cannot change their momentum in response to an electric field applied to the material. The electrical conductivity of pure ( intrinsic) silicon or germanium is rather low at room temperature because there are just enough outer-shell atomic electrons (four per atom, each forming chemical bonds with the neighbouring atoms) to completely fill the valence band of energies. This regular arrangement acts like a diffraction grating to electrons wave mechanics predicts that the electron energies must lie within certain regions ( energy bands) separated by other regions ( energy gaps) where the electrons are forbidden. The transistor is constructed from semiconducting material (originally the element germanium, now usually silicon) in single-crystal form, where the atoms regularly arranged on a crystal lattice. It is a signal-amplification device which by 1960 had largely replaced vacuum tubes in radios, television receivers and other electronic equipment. The transistor was invented by scientists at Bell Laboratories in 1948 (they shared the 1956 Nobel prize for this discovery). Solid-state physics for the basic discoveries and inventions. Here we discuss some of the technological revoltions which have relied on Which has had a profound influence on our way of life. Materials science (which also explores the chemical and engineering aspects of materials) and to electronic device technology, Solid-state physics deals with the properties of solids, from the atomic level upwards. Figure references are to the second edition of Modern Physics by Serway, Moses and Moyer
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